On importance of leisure: Leisure is not mere idleness, it’s a gift

SHARE THIS POST

_MG_0654

[tabs]

[tab title=”English”]

“We work so we can have leisure”, wrote Greek philosopher Aristotle, in one of his most important works “Nicomachean Ethics”. On the other hand, the prevailing philosophy of the modern world, in which actions which don’t give us immediate results are considered more or less meaningless, is “We have leisure so we can continue with work”, thus completely opposite of Aristotle. The question that arises is who is right, Aristotle or the modern world.

What is leisure?

As most of our misunderstandings come from a different understanding of the concepts that we use, probably in this case also a good part of the problem lies in how we look at the concept of leisure. German philosopher Josef Pieper in his article “The work, spare time and leisure”, clearly separates leisure from mere spare time. Leisure is something more than that, because, as he himself notes: “Wouldn’t it be quite nonsensical to think of work as drawing its justification from play?” The modern spirit which, as we said, considers all that is not productive as unimportant, has eventually equalized terms of spare time and leisure. Given that neither are productive in direct material sense, their significance for world is marginal, so the difference between these two terms does not really exist. But is it really so?

Certainly not. Leisure, as Pieper (referring to the ancient Greeks) defines it, is an activity that is meaningful in itself. What is work then? Work is an activity whose meaning derives from something else, from things we create with our work. But, isn’t work somehow meaningful in itself? The notion of work that comes from the Judeo-Christian thought is somewhat different from that of the ancient Greeks. On the first pages of the Bible we read that Adam worked in the garden even before the first sin. Therefore, man’s realization through the work is part of his nature and so we can say that, if properly understood, along with being useful for something else, work is also meaningful in itself, but leisure is activity whose meaning is entirely within itself. Leisure, in its original sense is directed towards deepest observation of reality, and our relation with it. Leisure is not idleness, it is not contempt for work, true leisure is opposite of that, it is search for finding meaning in work, in spare time, and in human existence.

Leisure tells us that human fullness is in no way exhausted in productivity. In economic terms, a man who can’t materially contribute becomes useless, moreover, he becomes the burden of society. But the economic dimension is neither the only nor the most profound human dimension, although most of our daily activities or concerns revolves around it. This is why leisure is crucial: it reminds us that human existence transcends the material. If we miss it, if we equal it with idleness, whose only task is to move away from our everyday life as much as we can, we can say that we dehumanize ourselves. The task of leisure is not to escape from reality, the task of leisure is to gain a deeper understanding of reality, to keep that dimension of our existence that is above material world. Leisure helps us to look at life from a higher perspective, not turn our back from it, neither to close our eyes in front of it so we can more easily endure intolerance of everyday reality.

What brings us closer to leisure?

But which activities can help us to dive deeper into the reality, which activities are meaningful in itself and which bring us back to ourselves? Pieper defined them as activities of reflective and receptive contemplation [in which] we touch, even remotely, the core of all things, the hidden, ultimate reason of the living universe, the divine foundation of all that is, the purest form of all archetypes”. Perhaps for the average person this sounds like mere daydreaming, but it is precisely because we are accustomed to find significance only in what we can perfectly explain, define, measure, materialize. We are no longer willing to observe the secret of life, be quiet before the immeasurable, to bow before the sublime. In other words, we have forsaken our true leisure and made it a mere “break from work”, so we no longer recognize the significance in the search for what transcends us. If life is no longer a secret to us, if our work has become self-sufficient, our job has truly become that of Sisyphus, tedious and meaningless, and the only thing that saves us from despair in such a condition is that by the accumulation of activity we manage, to some extent, to avoid issue of their meaningfulness.

Have we become completely lost and hopeless in recovery? By no means. Human nature is unchangeable, and always able to recognize those voices that resonate most deeply with its foundation, no matter how much mud covers it. Sometimes even in the seemingly empty and dry lives several “drops” of true leisure will awaken vitality and remind us that we are human. How do we invoke those drops? Of many possibilities, Pieper suggests three that are perhaps the most famous, but still often forgotten today:

1) Religious meditation, contemplative immersion of ourselves in the divine mystery. Raising awareness of our dependence on the transcendent, being small before the divine, to be sure of its protection.

2) Philosophical reflection, which is, of course, not limited to the academic level of philosophizing. Philosophical reflection is natural to every man. Every plunge in human acts, events, human destiny and history is true philosophy which is specifically connected with our daily lives.

3) Art, by which deepest dimensions of human being become visible, tangible and audible. Art which as its prerequisite implies silence and contemplation of reality as it really is, or as it should be.

Leisure as a gift

In all of this we need to have one thing in mind, and that is that even though the mood by which we open ourselves to the leisure does not come without our efforts, sometimes quite demanding, the true fulfillment of leisure should always be accepted as a gift. The gift is one of the things that are somehow forgotten in a society where everything must be earned, but gift helps us understand that we are not self-sufficient and that the most important aspects of reality can’t be handled using only our muscles. Since the most essential things are those which are beyond us, we can’t claim any right on them, nor can we grab them by using force. What we can do is to be available for them and accept them with joy knowing that we haven’t deserved them. In this way we are able to realize that life is much bigger than what we can achieve with our work, and only in this way we can give our life its full meaning.

[/tab]

[tab title=”Croatian”]

Važnost dokolice: Dokolica nije puka besposlenost, ona je dar

„Radimo kako bismo stekli dokolicu“, zapisao je grčki filozof Aristotel, u jednom od svojih najznačajnijih djela, Nikomahovoj etici. S druge pak strane, prevladavajuća filozofija suvremenog svijeta, u kojemu se radnje u kojima se ne očituje trenutna produktivnost smatraju manje-više ispraznim, jest: „Stječemo dokolicu kako bismo mogli nastaviti s radom“, dakle, potpuno oprečno od Aristotela. Postavlja se pitanje tko je u pravu, Aristotel ili suvremeni svijet.

Što je zapravo dokolica?

Kako većina naših nesporazuma dolazi od različitog shvaćanja pojmova koje koristimo, vjerojatno i u ovom slučaju dobar dio problema leži u tome kako gledamo na pojam dokolice. Njemački filozof Josef Pieper u svome tekstu „Rad, slobodno vrijeme i dokolica“, jasno odjeljuje dokolicu od pukog slobodnog vremena. Dokolica je nešto više od toga, jer, kako i sam primjećuje: „Ne bi li bilo besmisleno smatrati kako rad pronalazi svoje opravdanje u običnoj igri?“ Suvremeni duh koji, kako rekosmo, sve ono što nije produktivno smatra besmislenim, s vremenom je izjednačio pojmove slobodnog vremena i dokolice, obzirom da ni jedno ni drugo nisu produktivni u izravnom materijalnom smislu, njihov značaj je za njega ionako marginalan pa razlika između tih dvaju pojmova zapravo i ne postoji. No, je li uistinu tako?

Zasigurno ne. Dokolica, kako je Pieper (pozivajući se na stare Grke) definira, jest aktivnost koja je smislena u sebi. Što je onda rad? Rad je aktivnost čija smislenost proizlazi iz nečeg drugog, onoga što radom želimo stvoriti. Nema li i rad dimenziju smislenosti u sebi? Tu bi se vjerojatno poimanje rada koje dolazi s judeo-kršćanskom misli donekle razlikovalo od onoga starih Grka. Na prvim stranicama Biblije čitamo kako je Adam i prije prvog grijeha radio o vrtu. Prema tome, čovjekovo ostvarivanje kroz rad dio je njegove naravi te stoga svakako možemo reći da i ispravno shvaćen rad ponad dimenzije „korisnosti za nešto drugo“ ima i dimenziju smislenosti u sebi, ali dokolica je aktivnost čija je smislenost u potpunosti unutar nje same. Dokolica u svome izvornome smislu ne samo da ne znači jednostavno ne raditi ništa, nego je usmjerena najdubljem promatranju stvarnosti i osobnog odnosa prema njoj. Dokoličarenje nije ljenčarenje, nije prezir prema radu, pravo dokoličarenje je, suprotno od toga, potraga za pronalaženjem smisla u radu, u slobodnom vremenu, u čovjekovom postojanju.

Dokolica nam govori da se čovjekova punina nipošto ne iscrpljuje u produktivnosti. U ekonomskom smislu, čovjek koji ne može materijalno pridonositi postaje beskoristan, štoviše, teret društva. No ekonomska dimenzija nije ni jedina niti najdublja čovjekova dimenzija, premda se većina naših dnevnih aktivnosti ili briga vrti oko nje. Upravo je zbog toga dokolica od iznimne važnosti, ona nas podsjeća da ljudsko postojanje nadilazi materijalno. Ako je propustimo, ako je izjednačimo s isprazno provedenim slobodnim vremenom, čiji bi jedini zadatak bio što više udaljiti se od naše svakodnevice, možemo reći da se na neki način dehumaniziramo. Zadaća dokolice nije pobjeći od stvarnosti, zadaća dokolice je steći dublje razumijevanje stvarnosti, zadržati nadmaterijalnu dimenziju svojeg postojanja. Dokolica nam pomaže promotriti život iz jedne više perspektive, a ne okrenuti mu leđa, ili na određeno vrijeme zatvoriti pred njim oči kako bismo mogli lakše podnositi njegovu svakodnevnu nesnošljivost.

Kako do dokolice

No, koje su to aktivnosti koje nam mogu pomoći dublje uroniti u stvarnost, koje su smislene u sebi i koje nas vraćaju nama samima? Pieper ih definira kao aktivnosti u kojima „refleksivnom i receptivnom kontemplacijom dodirujemo, makar izdaleka, središte svih stvari, tajni, krajnji razlog živućeg svemira, božanski razlog svega što jest, najčišći oblik svih arhetipova.“ Možda ovo prosječnom čovjeku zvuči kao obično sanjarenje, ali to je upravo stoga što smo svojim razumom navikli pronalaziti smislenost samo u onome što možemo do kraja objasniti, definirati, izmjeriti, materijalizirati. Nismo više spremni promatrati tajnu života, zašutjeti pred neizmjernim, pokloniti se pred uzvišenim. Drugim riječima, zapustili smo istinsku dokolicu i od nje napravili običan „prekid s radom“ pa više ne prepoznajemo smislenost u traganju za onim što nas nadilazi. Ako nam život više nije tajna, ako je naš rad postao samodostatan, naš je posao uistinu postao Sizifov, mukotrpan i besmislen, a jedino što nas spašava od očajavanja u takvome stanju jest to što gomilanjem aktivnosti donekle uspijevamo izbjeći pitanje njihove smislenosti.

Jesmo li zbog ovoga postali posve izgubljeni i beznadni u oporavak? Nipošto. Ljudska narav je nepromjenjiva, i uvijek u mogućnosti prepoznati one glasove koji najdublje rezoniraju s njezinim temeljem s koliko god blata da ga prekrili. Ponekad je i u naoko ispraznim i suhim životima dovoljno nekoliko „kapi“ prave dokolice koja će razbuditi životnost i podsjetiti nas da smo ljudi. Kako ih dozvati? Od brojnih mogućnosti Pieper predlaže tri koje su možda najpoznatije, ali svejedno danas često posve zaboravljene. Prva je vjerska meditacija, kontemplativno uranjanje samih sebe u božanski misterij. Probuditi svijest o vlastitoj ovisnosti o transcendentnom, biti malen pred božanskim, kako bismo bili sigurni u njegovu zaštitu. Pieper nadalje predlaže filozofsko promatranje, koje se, dakako, ne ograničava na akademsku razinu filozofiranja. Filozofiranje, koje je danas postalo uvredom, aktivnost je koja je naravna svakom čovjeku. Svako poniranje u ljudske čine, događanja, čovjekovu sudbinu i povijest jest prava filozofija koja se konkretno odražava u našoj svakodnevici. I naposljetku, umjetnost, kojom najdublje dimenzije čovjekovog bića činimo vidljivima, dodirljivima ili čujnima. Umjetnost koja kao svoj preduvjet podrazumijeva šutnju i kontempliranje stvarnosti kakva ona uistinu jest ili bi trebala biti.

Dokolica kao dar

U svemu ovome trebamo imati jednu stvar na umu, a ta je da iako pravo raspoloženje kojim dolazimo do otvorenosti za dokolicu ne dolazi bez našeg napora, ponekad i prilično zahtjevnog kroz odricanje od gomile podražaja koji nas svakodnevno salijeću, pravo ispunjenje dokolice uvijek trebamo prihvatiti kao dar. Dar je još jedan od pojmova koji je pomalo stran u društvu u kojemu se sve treba zaraditi, ali dar nam pomaže razumjeti da nismo samodostatni i da najbitnijim aspektima stvarnosti ne možemo upravljati svojim mišićima. S obzirom na to da su najbitnije stvari one koje nas nadilaze, ne možemo polagati pravo na njih, niti ih prisilno prigrabiti. Ono što možemo jest biti za njih raspoloživi i s radošću ih prihvatiti znajući da ih nismo zaslužili. Tako shvaćamo da je život puno veći od onoga što možemo svojim radom ostvariti, i samo mu tako možemo dati puni smisao.

[/tab]

[/tabs]

Written by Ivo Džeba, Head of the Education Team of WYA Croatia.

More To Explore